An influential body of psychological and anthropological theories holds that societies exhibit heterogeneous social cooperation systems that differ both in their level of in-group favoritism and in the tools that they employ to enforce cooperative behavior. According to these theories, entire bundles of functional psychological adaptations — religious beliefs, moral values, social preferences, emotions, and social norms — have evolved to serve as ``psychological police officer'' in different cooperation regimes. This paper develops a measure of the tightness of historical kinship structures to test these theories across historical ethnicities, contemporary countries, ethnicities within countries, and among migrants. The results document that societies with loose ancestral kinship ties cooperate and trust broadly, which appears to be enforced through universal moral values, internalized guilt, altruistic punishment, and large-scale institutions. Societies with a historically tightly knit kinship structure, on the other hand, cheat on and distrust out-group members but readily support in-group members in need. This cooperation regime is enforced by communal moral values, emotions of external shame, revenge-taking, conformity to social norms, and local institutions. Belief in a moralizing god was historically predominantly associated with loose kinship but is more prevalent among descendants of tight kinship societies today, consistent with theories of belief in a moralizing deity becoming functionally redundant once cooperative norms have been internalized.